What is Abdominal Pain and Discomfort

Abdominal pain is one of the most common reasons people seek medical care. It can range from mild, fleeting discomfort after a large meal to severe, persistent pain that suggests a serious underlying condition. The abdomen houses multiple organs—including the stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen—so pinpointing the exact cause often requires careful evaluation by a healthcare professional.

Common Causes

• Digestive disorders such as gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gallstones, or pancreatitis.
• Inflammatory conditions like appendicitis, diverticulitis, or inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis).
• Functional disorders including irritable bowel syndrome or functional dyspepsia.
• Constipation, gas, or indigestion.
• Non‑gastrointestinal causes such as urinary tract infections, gynecologic problems, or musculoskeletal strain.

When to Seek Care

• Severe or worsening pain, especially if it comes on suddenly.
• Persistent pain lasting more than a few hours.
• Pain accompanied by fever, vomiting, or inability to keep food or liquids down.
• Blood in vomit or stool, black tarry stools, or unexplained weight loss.
• Pain during pregnancy or in someone with a history of abdominal surgery.

Diagnosis & Tests

• Careful review of your medical history and physical examination.
• Blood and urine tests to look for infection, inflammation, or metabolic disorders.
• Imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to evaluate organs and detect abnormalities.
• Endoscopic procedures (upper endoscopy or colonoscopy) to directly visualize the digestive tract.
• Specialized tests depending on suspected conditions (e.g., pregnancy test, stool studies).

Treatment

• Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include dietary adjustments, hydration, and rest.
• Medications to relieve pain, reduce stomach acid, control inflammation, or treat infection.
• Procedures such as removal of gallstones, appendectomy, or endoscopic interventions.
• Surgery for serious conditions such as perforated ulcers, appendicitis, or bowel obstruction.
• Follow‑up care and lifestyle changes to prevent recurrence or manage chronic conditions.